The Dangers of Police Work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Dangers of Police Work - Research Paper Example Most frequently, they respond to ‘unknown disturbances or problems’ whereby a person may be asking for help but the police officer does not actually know what he/she is to expect or he/she is not able to gather more information regarding the situation (Dempsey & Forst, 2007). The duties of police officers involve operating in various kinds of circumstances, with much of their work being outdoors walking the beats assigned to them or riding in patrol cars. Their work is deemed extraordinarily dangerous – while carrying out their duties, some police officers are wounded or even killed. Police work can entail horrid tasks, which expose them to dangerous, sordid or depressing situations. They may be required to deal with all kinds of people in diverse situations. These dangers are usually traumatic for the police officers as well as their family members. Generally, police work holds the potential for the unpredicted and the unknown, and most individuals who take on this job possess a strong commitment and passion for it. Police work may involve being on duty 24 hours a day – even when not on call, the law requires a police officer to respond to criminal activity or to emergencies, during which no consideration is made for time of day or night o r even weather conditions (Ferguson, 2007). Gaines and Miller (2007) explain that the dangers of police work are both physical and mental/psychological. They indicate that according to the United States’ Justice Department policing is one of the most dangerous jobs in the US with 261 of every 1000 officers’ targets of non-fatal violence annually. Between the year 2003 and 2004, over three hundred police officers were murdered in the line of duty. They further assert that police work, in addition to physical dangers, involves considerable mental stress and pressure. The United States’ Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that together with being a surgeon, firefighting, driving a taxi,

Ten Simple Ways to Improve My English Essay Example for Free

Ten Simple Ways to Improve My English Essay 1. This is what most people would advise: read. Read anything and everything in English. You can read storybooks, newspapers, magazines, blocs, comics, English textbooks, instructions and ingredients on food packages, advertisements, etc. For story books, don’t force yourself to read something too difficult or something you know you won’t enjoy. Make reading fun! Read books that you enrjoy eading. I hate to read books that bore me too. 2. Watch English movies with subtitles. This would be my favorite way of learning English. Not only do I get to have a fun time watching the movie, I’d be learning new words at the same time and knowing how to pronounce them! Usually, you can get movies with English subtitles on DVDs. 3. Listen to English songs. Read the lyrics as you listen to the songs. Listen to your favorite songs and sing along to them Actually, turning on the radio or putting on an English Music CD might just be one of the best ways to retain or remember vocabulary and grammar that you hear in the music lyrics . According to BPS Research Digest, as sighted in the May 2008 addition of psychologies  Magazine, the answer to the age old question of learning a language, might lie in a songThe researchers concluded that we find it easier to remember words if theyre set to music, partly because its more emotionally engaging, but also because the words are structured in a way that makes it easier for us to segment the information and store it in our memories. So turn up your speakers or put on your headphones and prepare to learn English with music. In addition, by combining the benefits of music with reading the lyrics simultaneous you will be able to learn English faster. Try it out with Perhaps , Perhaps, Perhaps by cake. The songs I have just said are clear, fun and usually focus on a specific form of grammar. . 4. Start a bloc in English. This is one way for you to practice your writing. Blog on something that you love. If you are a fan of movies, start a blog and write about your favorites movies, your favourite characters, what you think could be improved in the movie, what new movies to expect next year, etc. Besides blogging, try joining online forums, engage in online chatting and more. 5.If you don’t want to maintain a blog, why not write to a pen pal? It’d be even more fun to have a pen pal from a different country! I used to write to other people from the US, Germany, Mexico, and even Yugoslavia. I remember feeling excited when I see letters with foreign stamps on it in my mailbox. If you don’t want to spend too much money on stamps, then get a local pen pal. Perhaps Email will do. 6.Write in your diary/journal in English. This is where you can write anything in it. But if you do write something you wouldn’t want others to read, make sure you hide it somewhere safe! Or try not to write anything offensive at all in case someone does find it. You can also write about neutral stuff like the places you went that day, what you ate, who you met, what you did, etc. 7.Be best friends with a good English dictionary. You can use Oxford, Collins, Cambridge,. Buy a dictionary that you’re comfortable with and USE it at all times. Keep it next to you when you’re reading. I always put my favourite Oxford dictionary by my side when I’m reading. So when I stumble upon a word I don’t know, I don’t have to get up and look around for it. It’s right there by my side. Thus, I have no excuse for not looking the word up! 8.Speak the language whenever you can. Speak it with friends and family. You can also sing along to English songs! Try karaoke! Don’t be shy to try speaking the language. Don’t be afraid that others will tease you. In fact, they’ll admire you for your courage and confidence. I think that is the best way to improve in language skill is to use it!! Even if you have a problem with it, you should still keep on trying! Theres no better way than to practice, just like sports or art or any other skill that one tries to learn. Reading is also excellent, but when you talk to native speakers, it brings confidence and skill! I am also learning a language that is not my own, and I can say truly that the native speakers will usually for the most part help you and be encouraging; almost anyone appreciates a foreigner trying to learn their language. So, just keep trying to practice with people. Go out with friends, start up conversations, try out your grammar, and also listen to the native speakers. Try to mimic their grammar patterns and listen to what context the words are being spoken in. This is something that printed material can not give you. But remember the #1 thing: dont be afraid! You can do it! Dont let anyone tell you that you are not good. It takes time, and just keep trying! If people intimidate you too much, try listening to tapes, I know people that do this and get good results. But nothing will be better than just talking to people who speak english. Dont be afraid to ask the person, Can you explain? or I dont understand; can you repeat it? 9.Learn a new word a day. Keep your own vocabulary notebook and write a new word and its meaning in it every day. Refer to it as often as possible so that the new words will stick in your head. 10.You can also learn new phrases, idioms or proverbs a day. A kick in the teeth, sit on the fence, make a clean sweep, a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, a man’s home is his castle, etc. When you come across a saying that you like, write it down and its meaning in your notebook! Actually, there are many more ways for you to improve your English. If you have extra money to spend, you can even sign up for English courses, English camps and so on. But why throw away your money when you can learn the language in cheaper waysLearn at your own pace. There’s no need to hurry when learning something especially a language. Make learning English fun. Don’t give up too soon or get discouraged. Don’t get stressed out when it becomes a little difficult.

IPO Pricing: Underwriter and Litigation Risk Impact

IPO Pricing: Underwriter and Litigation Risk Impact Going to public fund is one of the strategies to company to getting additional fund. Before that, company must publish their share to bursa Malaysia before invite the public to buying their share. But for unlisted company they cannot simply publish their share to public and they must be listed in bursa Malaysia first. With that they must publish their prospectus when the first time they want to issue share to public and this is we called Initial Public Offering (first time going to public). Background In Malaysia history of IPO are begin when Malaysia stock market was establish as the Malaysian stock exchange in 1960. 1n 1973 the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Berhad (KLSEB) and Singapore Stock Exchange (SES) are begin to replace the Malaysia Stock Exchange. In that time number of company that issuing IPO is not more to 500 companies. From 1973 until 2007 the IPO trend is showing quickly publish. In 1973 the number of listed company only 262 and up until 2007, Malaysia stock market have 1028 company. This rapid increase in the number of new listings is attributed to a number of factors, mainly to raise financing for expansion, to reduce the cost of new funds and to reduce the level of leverage (Shamsher et al., 1994). In 1980, the market valuation in Bursa Malaysia is about RM43 billion and reach to a trillion ringgit in year 2007. It happen when many companies are started to going public fund. Apart from that in year 1991 to 2003 the individual retailers have constituted more than 85% of the market player in bursa Malaysia IPO. Compared to the individual retailers group, the institutional investors group is reporting a smaller average at 2.05%. The remaining 6.47% of the market participants is consisting of others. From the 1984 to the 1995 the newly issue of IPO on the main board on KLSE is 173 company. Similar like that, when certain company wants to issuing the IPO, they are requiring by law to allocate 30% for Bumiputra investor. The main objective is to ensure the Bumiputra has own shareholding at least 33% on the entire market share. The pricing of IPO in Malaysia are regulated by Security Commission (SC) and it only take place when ministry of Trade and Finance (MITI) and Foreign Investment Committee (FIC) have giving their consent to the listing. It means the SC has make valuation on company in term of company financial statement and performance to evaluate whether certain company is really valuable to publish on the bursa Malaysia. One of the differential and unique IPO in Malaysia is, major of shareholder and the promoting bank (underwriter) have the choice to provide the profit guarantee not less than 90% on forecast profit on prospectus. Another way, the prospectus of company must be publish in Bahasa or English language and it must submitted to MITI, FIC and SC and the first trading is about in 12 month. The company, is not to seek approval the right issue from the SC during the 12 month they are listing, because actually the time between companies submit prospectus date to the SC for approval right issue to start trading is about 6 month. Recent reforms in Government Linked Companies (GLCs) are expected to improve performance and encourage private investment. More than 40 GLCs are listed, comprising less than 10% of Malaysias GDP. Changes in management, adoption of performance based contracts for management and implementation of key performance indicators (KPIs) are some of the reform that has been underway since April-May 2004. Merger and Aquistion (MA) actively declined in volume terms, due to a lack of very large transaction. Nonetheless, the number of MA transactions has remained stable over the past two years. Singapores Temasek Holdings acquired large minatory positions in Malaysia banking and plantations companies. In the automotive industry, Chery Automotive, a Chinese assembler has announced plans to earmark Malaysia as their regional distribution hub, while Proton reached a deal to assemble Volkswagen Cars and distribute them in Southeast Asia. Proton, Sime Darby and Telecom Malaysia have all announced acquisitions of foreign companies too. 1.2 Problem Statement Initial public offering (IPO) one of the manners to company get additional fund thru equity funding, when certain company wants to increase their operation, but it not sufficient fund of borrowing they can officially going to public fund primary market (when first time company going to public). In other words, this IPO tend use by small growth firm to increase their capital and to issuing new capital. This company must be perfectly evaluating certain cost, i.e. cost of underwriting, attorney fee, cost of management time allocation to the lawsuit, reputation cost and so on. All of these cost potentially become liability for a small company in the first time they issue IPO. The first problems of the research are to identify about the underwriter effect on IPO. Apart from underwriter, second areas on this research will looks on information of the companies, information also can become higher cost for issuer, they will incur cost to encourage information generation prior to the IPO and after the IPO because issuer want giving good impression to customer about their company. But for customer, cost will be incurred when they want searching strong information about certain company profile. Basically, IPO will be determining by investment bank and IPO firm managements to setting up IPO price (offer price spread). This to make comparison, between company offer price (company determine IPO price) and what actual price should be offer by company. On top of that, potential litigation costs are quite significant for firms that have recently gone public. Attorney fees, the costs of management time allocated to the lawsuit, reputation costs, and settlement costs represent an enormous potential liability for a young firm. The last areas we will look on relation between risk and IPO in an aspect of the litigation-risk, where the firms with higher litigation risk will affect their IPO? 1.3 Approach of the Study In research we have two methods, firstly we have quantitative and second the qualitative (Gubra and Lincon, 1994). In our research the quantitative method will be chosen with the purpose of this study because it able to value observation, precise measurement, statistical analysis, data collection is fix/cannot manipulate, variable truth and the most important is the hallmark good quantitative research are reliability and validity of data collection. After data are already collected it will be need to be edited, then data have to be coded and lastly data have to be key in and software programmed used to analyze the data. After data has been analyzed, we can make interpretation to getting conclusion about our research and make recommendation or suggestion to make improvement to Malaysia IPO. The final result also can be use for investor to do decision making about the attraction investment for them. 1.4 Scope of Study The scope of our research is consisting all company listed during 2000 until 2008 in Bursa Malaysia, whereby compasses 8 years in areas of to identity whether the Underwriter, Litigation and Prospectus will influence company pricing of IPO. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter we examine those factors generally considered to impact IPO performance to assess the extent to offering price is likely to be set and in setting the offering price. It is organized into two sections. The first section presents the historical of IPO and second section given the capital structure, secondary market return, litigation and prospectus in effected the IPO pricing. 2.1 Initial Public Offering Malaysia law define sale of expand authorize share of a company as new issue and the offer of share from the existing shareholder to the public is define as sale of share. The new issue market therefore consists of new issue and the sale of share of private company and government linked company to the public. Regulator approves new issue with elaborate care to ensure public interest is safeguard and the approval process may take up to a year in a large placement. Offering new issue to outsider help to raise finance for expansion and to obtain less costly source of new fund. Some research has been done by Fama 1984, company that listed in the New York market raise capital at a lower cost, the having from which amount to three quarter of one percent compare to unlisted company. Apart from that the investor has purchase of share listed in the secondary market obtain nominal yield, with are lower on average than in the new issue market. This extra return in a new issue market is the insider value factor which make offer price lower thus giving a high return. The over subscription of new issue keep feeding the frenzy for new issue. One study has suggest that the over subscription rate in Malaysia average 46 time (Dawson 1987, Yong 1991). Similar like that the new issues are price by the market at a much higher level than would be the case if (a) the new issue was equally like to be issue in bull or bear market and (b) there is no frenzy in wanting to subscribe to new issue. Because of the frenzy in the new market issue, there is practice pressure during the initial few month, which keep the price artificially high during this early period after listing. At the same thing, one would expect the price in the new issue market to attain normal level after the initi al few month when normal price unfettered by price pressure begin to emerge. For another part the new issue are substantially underprice in the Australian, UK, USA and the developed market. It similar behavior found in Malaysia because the offer price appears to be a deep discount of the initial day for market price. But the extent of underpricing is smaller in the developed market than in the developing market. The research finding on the IPO in the some developed country such as Australia, UK, USA and developing market such as Korea, Malaysia Singapore and other suggest an apparent underpricing of new issue because offer price appear to be a large discount off the initial listing day market prices. Considered again the long run share market return report in all these country, and the reward rate of those allocation new issue are substantially higher than normal rate of return in the secondary market of these country. Therefore, new issue should provide higher reward, which is the source of underpricing. apart from that the investment bankers try to reduce the offer risk and cost of underwriting by underpricing the issue. The present evidence of underpricing may also be due to the uncertainty about the real value of share and the related need to offer compensation to the investor for assuming the risk of the uncertainty. But for recent research has been done (Arif, Prasad, Shamsher and Annu ar 1994) contradict this widely disseminated explanation. Share appears to be issue at their intrinsic value but then price are bid up by an optimistic investment market, which wrongly interpret demand pressure as understanding. While Ross (1984) explain the underpricing of IPO using the idea of information asymmetry between informed and unimformed investor. He suggest that the asymmetry of information between the issuer and their investment banker is less relevant for pricing. 2.2 IPO and Secondary Market Returns Bradley et al (2009) examined IPO secondary market returns on the first day of trading during 1993-2003, and findings important things. First, there are open to close return are much larger than previously documented and potentially exploitable. It was averaging over 2% during the sample period. Second, we found that the market does not reach an equilibrium price until approximately 2 h into trading. Although this average is driven upwards by IPOs during bubble period. Third is that effect is persistent over the entire sample period, considered where they consider several non-mutually exclusive explanations, such as: price support by the lead underwriter, laddering, retail sentiment, and information asymmetry. They also examined the impact of retail sentiment on secondary markets return and found there were a strong positive relationship between the proportion of small trades and open to close returns consistent with the view that retail demand and sentiment can push IPO prices higher. But this argument assumes that these overoptimistic retail investors would ultimately experience a reversal. They also argue that information asymmetry can be in the form of aggregate demand uncertainty, which is unlikely to be resolved until the IPO opens for secondary market trading. 2.3 Company Capital Structure Basically firm has two source of fund, firstly they can use from internal fund and second for external fund. For internal fund they can use additional retain earning and also additional equity of shareholder and for external fund it can be use loan from financial institution and primary debt issue in the debt market. The capital structure theory is inconclusive about which factor determine borrowing level, expect providing the general idea that a firm ability to identify positive net present value investment should determine capital need, and further that a firm capital structure quality also determine the tax shield value from debt. Modigliani and Miller (1958) argue that the capital is not influence by a firm financing mix under the assumption that the capital market is perfect and there is no corporate tax. Average cost of capital will be lowering when market is imperfection and it increase value of the firm subsequent to borrowing. But for (Robicheck and Myer 1966, Hamada 1972) the firm financial risk will be increase when company has make decision to continuously borrowing. For another part if company is have extra debt, the shareholder risk will be higher. It happens because if these companies are going to bankruptcy, the first company obligation action is paying all their debt first. For (Gupta 1982) before company achieves maximum debt, the maximum value of the firm will always be reach first. Company has made decision going to public because they want to increase fund to run the business in big scale. For (Gordon 1990) examined the relationship between a firm financing structure and the company technology. His result has supported the idea that firm with high capital to labor ratio acquire financing to run it business. 2.4 IPO and Litigation risk In our study on litigation, Skinner (1994) finds that the threat of litigation potentially alters firms disclosure behavior, and Krishnan and Krishnan (1997) and Shu (2000) find that this same threat causes auditors to stay away from risky clients. We extend this line of research by documenting another effect of litigation risk, it leads IPO firms to lower their offer price as one form of insurance against future litigation. Tinic (1988) tests the litigation-risk hypothesis by comparing the IPOs prior to and subsequent to the 1933 Securities Act, which substantially increased the legal exposure of IPO issues. Alexander (1991) examines 17 computer-related IPOs in 1983. She finds that securities lawsuits were more likely filed when the dollar amount of the ex post stock price decline was sufficient to support the fixed cost of bringing a case. She also finds little variation among the settlements as a fraction of shareholder losses. Further, consistent with the deterrence effect of IPO, there is evidence that firms that engage in more IPO significantly lower their litigation risks, especially for lawsuits occurring closer to the IPO dates. After controlling for the endogeneity of initial returns and lawsuit probability, both the insurance and deterrence aspects of the litigation-risk. The simultaneous-equation framework used in this study is potentially useful for other settings. 2.5 IPO and Prospectus Information The process of taking a firm public enables firms owners to realize both personal and professional goals. Taking the firm public, for example, enables entrepreneurs who have invested considerable time and resources in building the firm to sell a portion of the firm, thereby providing personal funds as a reward for their efforts and enabling them to diversify their wealth (Rock, 1986). Moreover, the IPO helps entrepreneurs secure funding that allows them to pursue growth opportunities for the firm. As the firm grows, entrepreneurs may find themselves unable to secure increasing capital requirements to fund firm growth. Also, entrepreneurs may seek to avoid covenant-filled commercial loans that hinder their ability to take the risks necessary to pursue firm growth opportunities (Rock, 1986). Investment bankers are responsible for coordinating the stock offering for the IPO firms managers (Benviste and Spindt, 1989). They provide an invaluable source of guidance for IPO firm entrepreneurs and managers, most of whom will have had no prior experience with the complex, often lengthy, process of taking the firm public. In addition to facilitating the IPO process by counseling firms entrepreneurs and managers, investment bankers assume primary responsibility for effectively marketing the firms securities to the investment community. The investment bankers determine the offer price spread, which must be disclosed either in the preliminary prospectus or shortly after filing the registration statement in an amended prospectus. The actual offer price is not determined until the day prior to the stocks offering. This spread and offer price are of central importance to the entrepreneurs taking the firm public, as they determine the amount of funds the IPO firms owners can expect to raise as a function of the stock offering. Given their centrality in the IPO process, it is important to understand those factors that may assist investment bankers in their initial determination of the spread within which they believe the final offer price will be set and, subsequently, the final offer price. The price spread may provide an indication of the level of uncertainty surrounding the IPO. Uncertainty in the IPO context derives largely from the fact that the firm, while it may have an extensive operating history, has not previously operated under public scrutiny. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter are consist and will be discuss about the purpose of the study, population of study, data collection, independent variable, dependent variable, research modeling and the lastly the data analysis. 3.1 Population of Study The population of our research is consisting all company IPO from 2000 until 2008. We also want to identity whether the Underwriter, Litigation and Prospectus situation will influence the investor to make the investment and how they react to company announcement of IPO in the good economic situation. On top of that, we might look on about company performance before and after the 1997 Malaysia financial crisis on the areas of our study. 3.2 Data Collection To investigate the new IPO issue since 2000 until 2008, which had all the require information for analysis on our research. The public record in various issue of investor digest, daily diary and the company files from Securities Commission (SC) and Bursa Malaysia (BM) were accessed to obtain value for the variable. On top of that, requests for IPO prospectuses were sent to all firms undertaking IPOs in 2000 and 2008 as identified by the SC. 3.3 Independent Variables We rely on three independent variables for hypothesis testing, the first is the Prospectus Information. Founder CEO is a dichotomous variable with zero being a nonfounder CEO and one a founder CEO. CEO retained equity is calculated as the percentage of the IPO firms stock that the CEO will hold following the opening day of trading. These data are reported in the prospectus filing. Board composition is measured as the percentage of independent outside directors serving on the board. Board size is measured as the total number of directors serving on the IPO firms board. Second independent variable is Litigation Risk, as argued earlier, a firm about to make an IPO faces a trade-off in its pricing decisions. A higher offer price increases proceeds from the IPO, but it also raises the expected litigation costs. Two predictions emerge concerning the cross-sectional relations between IPO and inherent litigation risks. First, firms with higher litigation risk purchase more insurance, that is, they their shares by a greater amount (the insurance effect). Second, firms who choose higher levels of insurance incur lower expected litigation costs in the form of reduced probabilities of lawsuits. The third part is underwriting. The underwriter is playing to influence the public confidence about the company. If the company IPO is not over subscribe, the underwriter will be help that company to resell the IPO and maybe buying the IPO behalf of the company. When the company first time to setting the IPO price, it to hart to determine the suitable price because lack of expertise. The simple way to company is making negotiate with the underwriter. The issuer and underwriter is lock to the offer price regardless of the subscription of the market movement. Basically inside the underwriter agreement it conclude the underwritten fee, amount and whether the issue will indemnify the underwriter again all liability, cost and expence incur by the underwriter in relationship to the issue. 3.4 Dependent Variables This variable is computed as the difference between the high and low values in the range of offer prices established by the investment bankers. We calculate this measure as the (stock price at the time of IPO the firms book value)/stock price at the time of IPO. This price reflects the price at which the firms stock will be sold to initial investors on the opening day of trading. A firm litigation risk is also increasing in the volatility of the stock. One way to obtain the expected volatility is to use the standard deviation of prior stock returns. However, this is not feasible for IPO firms. Another alternative is to use the standard deviation of post-IPO returns. However, this is not observable prior to the IPO and may not be in the managers information set at the time of the offering. For (Smith, 1991 and Raghavat 1996) the company that issue the new security in public need the investment banking to become their underwriter in return for a commission comprise management fee, underwriting fee and the lastly the selling concession. The compny also must carefully choose their investment banker to become their underwriter, because the good of underwriter will be able this company increase their IPO price (negotiation and discussion between bank and company). One of the criteria is the underwriter must know the company industry, tern of propose offering, potential conflict of interest relating to the investment banker affiliation with the issuer competitor and the ability to the company provide research support after the offering price. 3.5 Research Modeling DEPENDENT VARIABLE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Prospectus Information Initial Public Offering Litigation Risk Underwriter E(à ¯?†¢i) = ÃŽÂ ²1 + ÃŽÂ ²2X2 + ÃŽÂ ²3X3 + ÃŽÂ ²Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Xà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ + à ¯? ­i. ÃŽÂ ²1 = Intercept, value of à ¯?†¢I when X2, X3, X4, equal to zero (0). ÃŽÂ ²2 = Changing in à ¯?†¢i when X2 change with assumption X3, X4, is constant. ÃŽÂ ²3 = Changing in à ¯?†¢i when X3 change with assumption X2, X4, is constant. ÃŽÂ ²4 = Changing in à ¯?†¢i when X4 change with assumption X2, X3, is constant. X2 = Prospectus information X3 = Underwriter X4 = Litigation risk à ¯? ­i = Yi error in population. The hypotheses are stated below: H0 = 0, mean has no significant relationship. H1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0, mean has significant relationship. Prospectus information H0 = Prospectus information does not significant relationship to IPO H1 = Prospectus information has significant relationship to IPO Underwriter H0 = Underwriter does not significant relationship to IPO H1 = Underwriter has significant relationship to IPO Litigation risk H0 = Litigation risk does not significant relationship to IPO H1 = Litigation risk has significant relationship to IPO 3.6. Data Analysis The final stage of our methodology is data analysis. When the data already run we will elaborate on the various statistical test and make interpretation of the result. To analysis our research we use SPSS for window software. The data was analyse to identify, examine, compare and interpreted theme and pattern. The analysis has been started after the collection of all the necessary data basically come from secondary data collection. Use of this SPSS software is illustrated which mainly because they are easily available in business settings. In data analyses, we have three objectives, firstly getting a feel for the data, second testing the goodness of the data and lastly testing the hypotheses developed for the research.

Assisted Suicide Essay -- Assisted Suicide Death Essays

Writing the fifth assignment for the English class was by far the hardest essay I have had to write. Constantly was I running into problems, and this ended up taking me much longer than I had originally planned. Writing about the opposing side of this topic was very hard, as I usually caught myself writing things that I couldn’t make work in my paper. The writing was very tough to keep on track because it isn’t actually how I feel. This essay helped me to better understand the argument that is presented from both sides. Originally I knew my own opinion, which is an advocate of euthanasia, but I did not know the side that the opponents argue. All in all, I was able to learn more than I thought I would. Since ancient times, many people have contemplated the concept of a merciful and acceptable death. However, individual choice in dying did not become a widespread social issue and legal concern until recently. As technology advances, the medicines have enabled doctors to keep patients alive for longer periods of time. This has caused the development people to legally be allowed to ignore medical intervention. Although a mentally competent patient’s right to refuse treatment is widely and obviously accepted, doctors, in most cases, assume control over the patient’s length of hospitalization and type of treatment. A patient who refused a life-sustaining treatment was considered to have requested something that could not be done. This view changed during the 1970s, when the right to refuse treatment was established by various court cases. Today the dispute over patient autonomy extends beyond the right of treatment refusal to issues of euthanasia and assisted suicide. Most people who believe that assisted sui... ... to death, because they can not even decide if they want the treatment. Assisted Suicide, more than many other things, gives opponents the fear that doctors will become less committed to saving lives, that families may respond to financial pressures by encouraging suicide, and that limitations in the resources of the health-care system might dictate decisions of life and death. All in all, assisted suicide has been a large topic for debate and discussion for many years. Ever since the incident with Dr. Kevorkian, very much attention has been brought to the topic of euthanasia. All in all, the act in itself is morally, ethically and obviously wrong. People should not be able to take their lives from themselves with aid from a doctor, because it is not good for a society or community. Assisted Suicide should not be condoned in any situation or at any time.

Josephine Beauharnais Essay

Behind every great man lies an even greater woman. The woman adds character to the man and also affects his actions and morals. The story of Napoleon Bonaparte would be incomplete without consideration of his first wife, Josephine. She contributed so much to his development and passion because of her influence. This greatly impacted his leadership, military victories, and and was an inspiration behind the Napoleonic Code. Therefore without Josephine’s influence, Napoleon would not have become who he was. To understand Napoleon one must first understand Josephine Bonaparte’s history. Marie was the first wife of Napoleon Bonaparte.She was a popular Empress and had many defining characteristics which helped to shape her life. Josephine had a great impact on Napoleon’s emotions which affected the decisions and actions that he made directly and indirectly. (PBS; Napoleon and Josephine, http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/n_josephine/courtship/page_1.html) She made him feel secure, provided him with emotional support, and gave him confidence which ultimately had a bearing on his decisions and actions. (PBS; Napoleon and Josephine, http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/n_josephine/emperor/page_1.html) Another one of the ways in which Josephine helped Napoleon was through his military accomplishments. Prior to meeting Josephine, Napoleon was nothing more than a short, slight, shabby young artillery man, lacking real military victories. (Mossiker, 79) Josephine allowed Napoleon to strive for more than just a mistress but love. (Mossiker, 81) His fondness for her still remained with him even during his battles. After their wedding, he successfully conquered Italy in 1796-97. (Mossiker, 202) He continued his success conquering Egypt and this battle was significant because France gained a lot of gold and rare gems as well as the Rosetta stone; which was the key to hieroglyphic translations. (Mossiker, 134-139) While Napoleon was fighting his campaigns, Josephine used her connections to France’s political leaders to further Napoleon’s political career, hosting several parties that resulted in Napoleon quickly being promoted. That resulted in Napoleon gaining national prestige. (Josephine’s Influence on Napoleon, http://sphseuro.blogspot.ca/2009/02josephines-influence-on-napoleon.html) However, Josephine was chronically unfaithful to Napoleon. Napoleon nearly ended his Italian Campaign early simply to return to France and confront his wife. (Josephine’s Influence on Napoleon, http://sphseuro.blogspot.ca/2009/02josephines-influence-on-napoleon.html) A letter written to Josephine from Napoleon on the subject of her infidelity was published in several English newspapers, which mocked France and its ruler. Her several affairs almost led to their divorce, but Napoleon felt that a seemingly stable marriage would further his political aspirations and the two remained married. Josephine’s Influence on Napoleon, http://sphseuro.blogspot.ca/2009/02josephines-influence-on-napoleon.html) Therefore, even without her being present on the battle field, or even in the same country, it was Josephine’s inspirational spirit, that encouraged Napoleon throughout all of his major victories against Italy and Egypt. Napoleon created a code in which reflected his morals towards the family unit and marriage. In 1803, Napoleon established his own code of laws in order to repeal previous laws that weakened marriage. (The Law Behind the Man, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/jkr/napoleon.html) The 1792 divorce law was repealed and drastically changed. Before it was possible for either a husband or wife to petition for a divorce on numerous grounds, but Napoleon changed the laws so divorce could only be petitioned for under mutual consent and incompatibility. (The Law Behind the Man, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/jkr/napoleon.html) There were criteria that had to be met before a husband or wife could petition for a divorce on either of those grounds; if it was because of incompatibility the petitioner had to show proof of cruelty, adultery, or objected to certain humiliating forms of punishment administered by her spouse (Phillips 1988, p. 185). This is significant because it helps strengthen the family by giving both husband and wife the power to separa te. The Napoleonic Code also emphasized the family as a functioning unit. The needs and desires of the individual had been put ahead of others in the eighteenth century. (The Law Behind the Man, https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/jkr/napoleon.html) Napoleon heightened parental authority by requiring their permission in divorce cases and a husband’s power by reducing the rights of his wife. â€Å"A wife†¦.owed obedience to her husband, a husband protection to his wife, and that the wife was obliged by law to live with her husband and to follow him wherever he judged it convenient to live.† (Phillips 1988, p. 186) This law strengthened the family unit, giving each marriage partner specific duties and rules. Again, because of Josephine’s influence he created this law to protect his family by providing more structure in the family unit. Even though it may seem that Josephine did not have a more profound impact on the world as Napoleon did, her relationship with Napoleon helped to motivate him to develop his military, personal, social achievements. Without Josephine, Napoleon would not have accomplished what he did and the world we know today would be drastically different. Works Cited Biography.com. A+E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . Courtiers and Favourites of Royalty. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Open Library. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . only read the short 4 paged biography Empress Josephine. London: Oxford UP, 1963. Print. Encyclopedia Brittanica. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . European History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . Heritage History. Heritage-History, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . History Reference Centre. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Ebscohost. Web. 28 Sept. 2012. . Napoleon and Josephine. N.p.: Simon, n.d. Print. Bonaparte. London: Allen & Unwin, n.d. Print. Empress Josephine. Cambridge: Knapton, 1964. Print. Frances Mossiker’s Napoleon & Josephine. N.p.: Frances Mossiker, 1965. Print. Napoleon. New York: Aubry, 1964. Print. Napoleon Bonaparte. New York: Thompson, 1952. Print.

Management Decision and Implementation Essays

Management Decision and Implementation Essays Management Decision and Implementation Essay Management Decision and Implementation Essay Manager as a Problem Solver and Opportunity Seeker Introduction â€Å"Managers are playing three characteristics and ten roles†. HenryMintzber Principles of Management- R L. Daft (p. 31) See the definition of manager. So managers have to play many roles in management. Problem Solver and Opportunity Seeker is one of the roles very important to deciding the organization’s persistence. â€Å"Decisions making is the process of identifying problems and opportunities and then resolving them. Decision making involves effort both before and after the actual choice. † †. Principles of Management- R L. Daft (p. 255) Decisions making is an important process follow by Managers who response to opportunities and threats. It can be identified as the mental processes resulting in the selections of a course of action among several alternatives. Decline or Progress of any organization is depending on the decision taken by the management. A managers primary function is to solve problems. A managers understanding of his or her approach to problems and problem-solving style most often used is an essential early step to becoming a more effective creative problem solver. Managers scout the problems, make decisions for solving them, and monitor the consequences to see whether additional decisions are required. Good decisions making is a vital part of good management, because decisions determine how the organization solves its problems, allocates resources, and accomplishes its goals†. Principles of Management- R L. Daft (p. 254) As mentioned the above managers should make the decisions ag ainst the problems and opportunities by selecting the best way and using allocated resource. Managers have to be patiently waited for the opportunity to solve the problems. That mean we can be aware of the manager as a problem solver and opportunity seeker who carefully choose the path to reach the goal. We can examine here how perform the role of problem solver and opportunity seeker by a manager. Problems, Opportunities and the Manager As mentioned the above identifying the opportunities and problems and steps taking to solve them by the managers decision making is doing in one of two basic problem-solving styles: * Systematic. Systematic thinkers are logical and rational. They prefer narrow and focused problems, step by step processes, rules to be followed, and computer programs that grind to a recommendation. * Intuitive Intuitive thinkers are more comfortable with solutions that just came to them. Compared with systematic thinkers, for the intuitive thinker, data are less important, complexity is less bothersome, changing external and internal environments are expected rather than assumed away, and being more or less right is more important than being precisely wrong. On the other hand, we can recognize three types of decision making models. 1. Classical Model 2. Administrative model 3. Political model. According to the systematic decision making system the subsequent steps are followed by the managers Six Steps of the solving problems- Decision Making Process. 1. Recognize of decision Requirements-what is the problem? 2. Diagnosis and analyse of Causes-what are the causes of the problem? 3. Development of Alternatives-what are the possible solutions to the problem? 4. Selection of Desired Alternative-Which is the best solution to the problem? 5. Implementation of Chosen Alternative- what action do we take? 6. Evaluate and Feedback. -What was the result? Decisions against the opportunities. Opportunities are concerning with the many fields of management. One can seek the opportunities for solve the problems in day to day activities. One manager seeks the opportunities to correct the wrong decision already taken. The other one will seek the rooms for expand the business. Decision are given for opportunities must be improvement oriented and the decision must be taken by considering the Sensing (Logically amp; Sensitively), Sizing (Measuring) and Seizing. First of all the steps managers are looking how to deal with the problems because of some problems are not equired solution and some are very quickly needed. So * Managers tend to deal with problems in one of three ways: 1. Avoid them refuse to recognize that a problem exists or not in harm 2. Solve them as necessary deal with the urgent 3. Seek them out anticipate avoiding them becoming urgent The following six questions are available in systematic system- step-by-step approach to problem solving: 1. What are the problem/ Opportunity? A problem occurs when accomplishment is less than expected. The expectation may be a goal, a standard of performance, a rule or a policy. Even if performance is greater than expected, a manager may still see room for improvement. This form of a problem is called an opportunity. Managers have little opportunity for success if they cannot distinguish problems from symptoms of problems. Working on symptoms rather than the base problem rarely leads to problem solution. Problem identification requires continuous surveillance of the internal and external environments within which the business operates. Attention to bits and pieces of information from various sources in combination with experience, judgment and intuition are all part of problem identification. . What are the causes of the problem? More than a careful statement of the problem is necessary to solve it. The manager needs to know the underlying causes of the problem. The following list of questions should be helpful for problem diagnosis and discovering the causes of a problem: * When did the problem occur? * Where did it occur? * Who was involved in the problem? * Were the people involved carefully selected, trained and motivated? * What equipment and facilities were involved in the problem? * What events or conditions were connected to the problem? * What were the hints of an impending problem? What calamities, crises and/or unusual events contributed to the problem? 3. What are the possible solutions to the problem? Creative problem solving requires careful attention to possible solutions for the problem. A paradigm of many possible solutions differs dramatically from satisfaction with the easy and familiar. 4. Which is the best solution to the problem? From the list of possible solutions, one must be selected. The size of the problem and complexity of the problems causes determine how much effort the manager can justify for choice of a solution. Criteria for choice of a solution should reflect the organizations mission, goals and culture. 5. What actions do we take? The first four steps are for naught if the chosen alternative cannot be implemented. Implementation requires resources, courage, persuasion, attention to detail, evaluation of progress and corrective action. Example from the Customs At the end of year 2009, many problems arose about the outside panel examinations. Situation (What are the causes of the problem? ) * 100 to 150 CusDecs were selected for panel examination per day. * 200 to 350 containers had to be examined. Most of the goods were perishable. So it was highly concerned about delay for release the cargo. * Officers have made many reports and complained to the head of the examination division and it was the time to suggest the better procedure for cargo examination. Challengers Most of the cargo allowed for outside panel examination were perishable and they have must been released within a short period. * Outside Examinations of Containers have not been done by the officers properly due to the many reasons. ( examination have to be done in very difficult situation, place in un safety) So: a. There were many threats to the economy and society. b. It was directly involved with the Customs revenue. c. It was brought bad impressions to the Customs. * Officers were faced many threats and unrest. d. Examinations have to be done at the importers place or public place e. Many places were not suitable surrounding (space, labors, equipments) f. Examination time schedules have not been followed g. Suitable transport had not been provided * As a government department it was a very difficult to provide the container examination facilities to entire importers. As the situation was unavoidable and the solutions were immediately required, examination division look in to the opportunities for solve the problems. The following conditions have been measured for appropriate solutions. * Yard for the containers examination immediate out of the Colombo port * Space for more than 250 containers per day. * Containers movement Controlling facility and security of the cargo * Facilitation for the officers The selected best solution- (Which is the best solution to the problem? Call a privet facilitator to provide the yard under the above conditions. Initiated Action (what action do we take? ) In May, 2009 a new container yard at Orugodawattha had been opened and presently all the perishable and some general cargo which were earlier released through the green channel are examine in this yard. Facilitation for the container examination, containers parking,, cargo storing , have been provided by the RCT (Ravi Container Terminal) the facilities for the sta keholders( wharf Clerks, labors, lorry drivers, helpers and officers) also have been provided by the RCT. Under the DC Cargo examination 10 Officers were appointed for the day examinations and after office hours the other officers have been roster for the examination. Outcome of the solution(What was the result) * Major problems were solved. (Mentioned above) * Government revenue is being secured * Relief from traffic inside the Port Conclusion Decision making and implementation is essential in management for survival and better future of any organization. Some time it is not possible to evade the problems. If do not seek the opportunities, the organization will be collapsed. Therefore, it is very important that the correct decisions have to be identified and implemented at the correct time. 2. Motivating employees for achieving results Introduction Managers want to motivate employees because it gets more work from them with less effort on the part of an organization. Workers are motivated when they do something because they want to do instead of have to work or forced to do. Motivated workers do more with less supervision and contribute more to the organization. If any organization wants to achieve the top results motivating employee is good tool for it. How workers deploy at work at best? Can you force them to work best without their willingness? What makes people work harder? The best answer is, no one really knows, but there are many theories, each of which has some relevance in some situations. As manager you must be able to find what motivates people in your organization. It should be considered an art, not a science. Everyone realizes that motivation in a workforce is a good thing. The question is how to get it. To learn how to get it we must first look at what it is. What is the Motivation? Motivation is defined as something that causes or influences a person to act or perform. Motivation is the creation of conditions that encourage an employee to achieve a high level of performance. â€Å"Motivation refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action. Employee motivation effects productivity, and part of manager’s job is to channel motivation toward the accomplishment of organizational goal. † Principles of Management-R L. Daft (p. 480) Researches indicate that the main reason for an employee to leave an organization is the failure of the organization to acknowledge the employees work. Rewarding the employees for their work is quite important as motivation is the key element required for the success of an organization Types of Motivation. â€Å"Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or incentive†- Luthans (2002) See this definition! It clearly said motivation has been linked with two facts. They are physiological and psychological needs. Theories of motivation have also been buildup within this concept somehow. Theoretically, there are two aspects to motivation techniques intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic Intrinsic relates to what has been described as psychological rewards, such as the opportunity to use one’s ability, a sense of challenge and achievement, receiving words of appreciation, job satisfaction, scoop for development, responsibility, work freedom . These always determined from the actions and the behavior of individual managers. In addition, needs and expectations can be distinguished in economic rewards, intrinsic satisfaction, and social relationships. Many of them are self generated Intrinsic satisfaction is provided by the work itself like interest in the job itself, personal growth and development which represents a personal orientation to work. Friendships, teamwork, and the need for affiliation are part of the social relationship that constitutes the relational orientation to work. Extrinsic Extrinsic relates the things that are tangible and generated by others such as rewards, salary, promotion, payment for overtime, recognition, ncouragement, support, work environment and working conditions. The extrinsic motivations are normally offered by the organization and the managers’ involvement in this regard is limited. Approaches to motivation â€Å"In general, there are many motivation theories, and have been divided into two contrasting groups: Here it is not the point to discuss all the theorie s in details, but we can identify some leading. Content theory Content theories of motivation define it in terms of satisfaction of needs. Explains why human needs change with time. Content theory includes the work of David McClelland, Abraham Maslow and other psychologists as they attempted to explain why human needs change, but not how they change. Content theories explain the specific factors that motivate people. In other words, they answer the question what drives behavior? It is important to remember that the following are theories, none of which have been conclusively shown to be valid. Nonetheless, they are helpful in providing a contextual framework for dealing with individuals. * Maslows Hierarchy of Needs: lower needs must be met first. Maslows hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and lowest levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top. The lower four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called deficiency needs or d-needs: esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. With the exception of the lowest (physiological) needs, if these deficiency needs are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense. * Self-actualization * Esteem * Belongingness NeedsD-needs * Safety Needs f Physiological needs Pig 1 * Alderfers ERG Theory: three key needs. This is further expansion of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs by Clayton Paul Alderfer by categorizing the hierarchy into his ERG theory. They are existence, relatedness and growth. He categorized the lower order needs (Physiological and Safety) into the existence category and love and esteem needs into the relatedness category. The growth ca tegory includes the self actualization and self esteem needs * Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory. ( Two Factor Theory ) This was developed by Frederick Herzberg. In this theory he describes two factors they are hygiene factors and motivators. He performed studies to determine which factors in an employees work environment caused satisfaction or dissatisfaction * Motivators are challenging work, recognition, responsibility that give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal growth. * Hygiene factors are status, job security, salary and fringe benefits that do not give positive satisfaction, though dissatisfaction results from their absence. These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices, or salary. * McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory a three-need model. (Learned Need Theory) Need are shaped over time by our experiences over time. Most of these fall into three general categories of needs: * Need of Achievement (NAch) Seek to excel and appreciate frequent recognition of how well they are doing. They will avoid low risk activities that have no chance of gain. They also will avoid high risks where there is a significant chance of failure. Need of Power (NPow) Want power either to control other people (for their own goals) or to achieve higher goals (for the greater good). They seek neither recognition nor approval from others only agreement and compliance. * Need of Affiliation (NAff) Look for harmonious relationships with other people. They will thus tend to conform and shy away from standing out. The seek approval rather than recognition. McClellandâ⠂¬â„¢s Acquired Needs Theory a three-need model Pig 2 Process theories The theories that attempts to explain human behavior. Process theory defines in terms of a rational cognitive process. * Adams Equity Theory: Balanced give and take. Equity theory looks at an individual’s perceived fairness of an employment situation and finds that perceived inequalities can lead to changes in behavior. Employees compared what they received and other receives as a result of their inputs. Mainly we can identify three occasions as 1. EquityMy outcome = Others Out puts More inputs and more gats InputsInputs 2. UnderpaymentMy outcome lt; Others Out puts More inputs and same gats Equity (Guilt)InputsInputs 3. Over payment My outcome gt; Others Out puts Same inputs and more gats Equity (Anger)InputsInputs When individuals believe that they have been treated unfairly in comparison with their coworkers, they will react in one of four ways: * Changing their work inputs to better match the rewards they are receiving. * Ask for a raise or take legal action. * Change their own perception of the situation. * Quit. * Vrooms Expectancy Theory: We expect what we predict. Expectancy theory â€Å"attempts to explain behavior in terms of an individual’s goals and choices and the expectation of achieving the objectives. The probability of an individual acting in a particular manner will increase when an employee associates it strongly with a given, attractive outcome. The theory states that motivation depends on three variables: 1. Performance-reward linkage (the person perceives a desired outcome will result from a certain degree of performance) 2. Effort-performance linkage (the person believe s a certain amount of effort will lead to performance) 3. Attractiveness (the person sees the outcome as desirable) Motivation, then, is a function of attractiveness, expectancy, and instrumentality. An individual’s perception of all three (regardless of reality) must be high for motivation to be optimized. Expectancy theory is similar to positive reinforcement, and both expectancy and reinforcement theory hold that a reward, or outcome, must be meaningful to the individual, and must be seen as highly likely to result from a given behavior to be effective. Motivating and achievement â€Å"You can take a horse to the water but you can’t force to drink† it will drink only if it’s thirsty- so with people. They will do what they want to do or otherwise motivate to do. For motivation you must have a skill which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any organization to survival and succeeds. Employee motivation is a central problem for leaders and managers, as an unmotivated employee is unlikely to expend much effort in the job, producing low-quality work. Multiple theories are available that propose sometimes contradictory, but often complementary, approaches toward work motivation We all are always think about money can make anything but the truth is deferent. Some time money can’t do even basic. So first of all we have to get beyond rational-economic assumptions. You know the idea that we all make decisions rationally based on what will give us the best economic outcome, i. e. , more money. Economics certainly has its place, but it tends to downplay the whole intrinsic side of human nature and motivation. People, almost all are concerning some other things instead of the money. Some clues are there. * People care about more than money and self-interest at work. * Intrinsic rewards are about emotions. * Doing the ‘right thing’ makes people feel good. â€Å"Nowadays, many organizations recognize that employees are not motivated olely by money and employee behavior is linked to their attitudes†- Dickson, (1973). Staff’s attitudes always link to the following point of views other than money: * Interesting work, * Full appreciation of work done, * Job security, * Good working conditions, * promotions, * 06. Freedom in work(mental amp;Physical) Motivation in Sri Lanka Customs It is very acceptable truth that the reward scheme of Sri Lanka Customs is number one in the same systems in Sri Lanka. Actually we are not known a program like that. Almost 100% of the officers are benefitting by working in the relevant branches in turn by turn. Reward, incentive, Commendation (appreciation), scholarships, work freedom, good environment, work satisfaction, proper support for higher education, Law enforcement power and powerful Acts are some of motivators in Sri Lanka Customs. But this situation and some related issues can be identified by some officers as de motivated factors. I also have noticed some incidents which are badly effect to motivation of the officers (De motivated factors). We have all the experience in Customs. Basic needs are filling with the salary, incentives and rewards. And job security is established by permanency, Pensionable and good income. Team works, Union activities, are example for belongingness needs. As a Customs Officer there is a unique recognize. We have a good chance for self-actualization within some branches. Some officers are specialist in some fields. E. g. DC Admin- he is the best gemologist in Sri Lanka. And Mr. Lesly Gamine- author of many books on Sri Lanka Customs amp; Law. Experience I have been working as an investigation officer in Post Clearance amp; Audit Branch (PCAB) for two years and acquired much experience about the motivation. PCAB was controlled under Valuation Division and we were allowed to investigate in to trade fraud. What we were motivated – Extrinsically We were ten officers and worked as a team. We were paid by the department. Office Space, vehicle, computer, and the other necessities had been provided. One experienced senior officer led the team. When we success and recovered the defrauded and penalty there was a reward for the team. Never were we forced to do some unworthy investigation. We had enough freedom for our family life and we were understood that our commitment was more important for our achievement. What we were motivated – Intrinsically Because of my knowledge used for impound the trade fraudsters I was proud like others and it was a good motivator for our team. We were begun to think that we are more intelligent than the fraudsters. By perused the limited No of documents we were able to found some huge tax defrauded done by famous businessmen and international companies. We were able to establish some fraud which practiced for long period with the help of some other government agencies. Sometimes, we went through the whole account systems of a company and analyzed. At that time we did our investigation with an expectation to determine the frauds by breaching the customs law. We used our subject knowledge practically and act as intelligent investigators or prosecution officer. Some time we produced the case in court as a lawyer. There was a very remarkable job satisfaction in that period. What was the result? We could take many smugglers to the law and some long time frauds were revealed. More than 100 million were recovered for two years and we thought it was our duty for the county. Conclusion. Usually managers aim is achieve the goal with less effort. In that purpose motivated employee is an assets the organization. Employees are motivated by self and organization. Self motivated employee must not be supervised or guided frequently. Modern world money has fallen in to second and many other human needs have been secured the top place in the list. If managers want to show their colors, they must be talent to identify employee’s emotion and sense. If any organization wants to achieve the top results motivating employee is good tool for it. 3. Effective Teams and Decision Implementation Introduction There are different levels of problems are arising in day to day functions of an organization and decision for them also would be a suitable level. Aimlessly and suddenly managers can be faced for some critical problems also. According to the situation suitable decisions are making by the managers who responsible for it. Most decisions are straightforward and routine. Sometimes, taking decisions for some problems are more difficult, but are usually focused in one area or functional discipline. These may require several or many team members to make the decision even though the implementation may be straightforward. Therefore, as an important tool for making decision implementation, effective team is good for further studies. What is a Team â€Å"A team is a unit of two or more people who interest and coordinate their work to accomplish a specific goal†- Principle of Management- RL. Daft (p. 545) Team management refers to techniques, processes and tools for organizing and coordinating a group of individuals working towards a common goal. A team is a collection of individuals organized to accomplish a common purpose, who are interdependent, and who can be identified by themselves and observers as a team. Teams exist within a larger organization and interact with other teams and with the organization. Teams are one way for organizations to gather input from members, and to provide organization members with a sense of involvement in the pursuit of organizational goals. Teams normally have members with complementary skills and generate synergy through a coordinated effort which allows each member to maximize his or her strengths and minimize his or her weaknesses. Team members need to learn how to help one another, help other team members realize their true potential, and create an environment that allows everyone to go beyond their limitations. In modern world many organizations strategic decision makers regularly use teams to solve urgent problems. Most strategic-level decision-making teams exist for brief periods to resolve a major problem or to develop national policy and strategies to meet future challenges. While these teams carry great responsibilities, they are often ad hoc in nature. Types of Teams: * Self Managed Work Teams: Self managed work teams are groups of employees who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of their former supervisors. Fully self managed work teams even select their own members and have the members evaluate each other’s performance. * Cross Functional Teams: Cross functional teams are group of employees who are from the same hierarchical level but from different work areas who come together to accomplish a task. * Problem Solving Teams: In problem solving teams members share ideas or offer suggestions on how work process and methods can be improved, they rarely have the authority to unilaterally implement any of their suggested actions. * Virtual Teams: Virtual teams use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal. * Project Teams: A team used only for a defined period of time and for a separate, concretely definable purpose, often becomes known as a project team Members of these teams might belong to different groups, but receive assignment to activities for the same project, thereby allowing outsiders to view them as a single unit. * Informal Teams: Informal teams are generally formed for social purposes. They can help to facilitate employee pursuits of common concerns, such as improving work conditions. More frequently however, these teams form out of a set of common concerns and interests, which may or may not be the same as the organizations. Leaders of these teams generally emerge from the membership and are not appointed by anyone in the organization Process of a Team Many processing stages perform a good team. Initiated action and capacity are very useful. Members of a team without understanding of each other will be away from the path of strategic goal. * Forming Getting to Know You The first stage is when the team is formed and members meet. They learn what the team opportunities and challenge will be. Individual members may be confused about their role or not understand the need for the team. Members will agree on goals and assign actions for work, often working independently. They gating know each other and grow awareness among the members of team and strategies. * Storming High Winds Predicted During the second stage, individual expression of ideas occurs and there is open conflict between members. Members tend to focus on details rather than the issues and compete for influence. Low trust among team members is an evident indicator of this stage * Norming Charting a Course In the third stage, the team develops work habits that support group rules and values. They use established tools and methods; exhibit good behaviors; mutual trust, motivation, and open communication increase; positive teamwork and group focus are apparent. The team relationships grow and individual characteristics are understood and appropriately utilized. Encourage to work together by solving members problems. * Performing The Action Stage The fourth stage shows high levels of loyalty, participation, motivation, and group decision-making. Knowledge sharing, cross-training, and interdependence increases by exchanging their experience. Team is self-directing in development of plans and strategy to meet their goals and carry out work. Personal growth and sharing is encouraged throughout membership * Adjourning Celebrating For project teams, temporary committees, or task forces coming to an end, there will be a finalizing stage as they celebrate and recognize group achievement. Team considers their performance and feedback. Then some mourning over the dissolving of the team relationship and begin planning for the change in individual work requirements. Team Effectiveness and implementation of decision. Decisions must be implemented by the managers of an organization through a team or any other mechanism. For that purpose, team concept is highly accepted by the management teaching. Team effectiveness is fundamental requirement for the implementation of decision. The success of a team majorly depends on much reason including vision, trust and unity, nature of leadership, member’s commitment, and intrinsic amp; extrinsic motivation. The effectiveness of communication within a team is very essential and without team communication there is confusion, misunderstandings and unhappy members. Group communication allows members to freely express themselves, and can provide accurate and comprehensive information. Communication in a team creates an environment of safety and security. When a group member feels the freedom to voice his opinion, he will feel safe in that group. These may require several or many team members to make the decision even though the implementation may be straightforward. When implementing decisions, the team can use every interaction with outside stakeholders to build relationships for the future. Resolving problems quickly and sharing successes with major enterprise participants will pay long-term dividends It may be that the implementation responsibility falls on the team leader, or a subgroup of the team. When this occurs, the individuals implementing the decision need to keep the rest of the team informed on their progress to prevent surprises. As implementation proceeds, rapid feedback is helpful in identifying issues and monitoring results. When disagreements or misunderstandings occur, they should be handled directly and quickly before they escalate. Any anticipated issues during implementation, team members can get valuable feedback on the overall. For quick results, team members should be empowered and given responsibility consistent with their roles on the team and their relationships with stakeholders. Teams, like individuals, should always make sure they follow up on promised actions and represent honest, high integrity professionalism to the outside world. Team members are at their best when they have a common perception of the intent and desired results of the decision and they can communicate these to all concerned. The things we discussed at the above and any other things affected the team effectiveness can be illustrated as follows. Team Effectiveness. Pig. 3 Team work in Sri Lanka Customs. What type of team can be identified in customs and where they are? Sri Lanka Customs is a one major department which involves to the public economics behavior and its activities are directly and significantly affected to the economy. The goods clearance procedure is concerning from the central bank to consumer in the kitchen. One or two day delay for clearance of foodstuffs will lead the government change. Therefore, customs service must be accurate and efficiency. Various type of team work can be identified everywhere in this scenario. Some teams are large some are small. But their effectiveness is evenly important to achieve the goal. As a simple example, we can consider day time work in Long room. Every day the entries submitted to the long room are satisfied in the same day except quarried one. For that purpose from DC to office assistant are working as a team which is unorganized. All the CusDecs must be satisfied in the same day is not a compulsory decision or an order. But there is core understand in the long room staff to satisfy the CusDecs which were already received for the day. Air port duty turn is another example for semi organized team work in Sri Lanka Customs. It is not consistence with the permanent staff of the BIA. Roster officers after taking over the duty points for the day at BIA, continuously cover-up the duty for twenty four hours with help of each other. This team is not earlier design one or officially established. When the officers taking over duty for the day they communicate each other and plan to cover up the duty. My experience in Custom. As mentioned earlier in topic motivation, we worked as a team in PCAB (Post Audit Clearance Branch) and we made the decisions on available information and implemented the same. What type of Team- PCAB? PCAB was established for the purpose of investigation in to the duty defrauded. At the time I served it was consisted of ten numbers of Assistant Superintendent of Customs, who had experience in investigating. We were assigned to probe in to duty defrauded occasions and recover the same. We had one main target that recovers the defrauded duty. PCAB was setup at the main office under the valuation division. DDC and SC supervised and directed the investigation officers. All the officers at head office were involving into the investigation. One senior ASC worked as OIC of the office. Each and every officer responsible for some investigations which handed over by the team leader- SC. However all officers who attached to PCAB work for the same objectives. Therefore, it can be considered as project team. What is the function of PCAB? The main activity of the branch is investigation in to the consignments and importers that have revenue defrauded. With holding the authority to investigate in to the cleared goods all the official copy (Warrant Copy) of the CusDecs are collected and perused by the officers of PCAB. The warrant copies of the suspected consignments are separate for further investigation and there are opportunities to officers for contribute the probe by their knowledge and experience. If it is decided to investigate a consignment one or two officers have been assigned and others are help to collect documents and raid the premises. When one officer records the statement the other one prepare the submission. Another one is ready to prosecution. If there is defraud, within a short period (Mostly within a 2-3 weeks) it can be recovered. Conclusion For any organisation to be effective and efficient in decision implementation and , the people in the organisation need to have a shared vision of what they are determined to achieve, as well as clear objectives for each team / department and individual. In decision implementation team concept is the best mechanism while you compare the systems of achievement. It is necessary to have ways of recognizing and resolving conflict amongst the workers, so that conflict does not become so serious that co-operation is impossible. All members of any organisation need to have ways of keeping conflict to a minimum and of solving problems caused by conflict, before conflict becomes a major obstacle to organizational work. This could happen to any organization, whether it is a business or a government. At that point communication and mutual understand are very essential. Team work is the best method among the systems used for achieve the goal. Individual or group works some time will be the fine but not everywhere. But a team (Two or more) mostly fit for any type of activity because of the team is build with much values like vision, trust and unity, nature of leadership, member’s commitment, and intrinsic amp; extrinsic motivation, co-operation, variation, and Synergy. References 1. Principles of Management-R L. Daft 2. Sri Lankan Case In Management 3. http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Problem_solving 4. answers. com/topic/problem-solving- 5. managementhelp. org/prsn_prd/prob_ 6. http://changingminds. org/explanations/theories/a_motivation. htm 7. Approaches to Motivation suite101. com/content/approaches-to-motivation-a252829#ixzz11V8h5Zxy 8. foundationcoalition. org/publications/brochures/communication. pdf 9. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Team_management 10. businessknowledgesource. com/blog/how_can_i_improve_communication_within_my_teams_021634. html

How to Make a Fruit Battery

How to Make a Fruit Battery If you have a piece of fruit, a couple of nails, and some wire, then you can generate enough electricity to turn on a light bulb. Making a fruit battery is fun, safe, and easy. What You Need To make the battery you will need: Citrus fruit (e.g., lemon, lime, orange, grapefruit)Copper nail, screw, or wire (about 2 in. or 5 cm long)Zinc nail or screw or galvanized nail (about 2 in. or 5 cm long)Small holiday light with 2 in. or 5 cm leads (enough wire to connect it to the nails) Make a Fruit Battery Heres how to make the battery: Set the fruit on a table and gently roll it around to soften it up. You want the juice to be flowing inside the fruit without breaking its skin. Alternatively, you can squeeze the fruit with your hands.Insert the zinc and copper nails into the fruit so that they are about 2 inches (5 centimeters) apart. Dont let them touch each other. Avoid puncturing through the end of the fruit.Remove enough insulation from the leads of the light (about 1 in. or 2.5 cm) so that you can wrap one lead around the zinc nail and the other lead around the copper nail. You can use electrical tape or alligator clips to keep the wire from falling off the nails.When you connect the second nail, the light will turn on. How a Lemon Battery Works Here are  the science and chemical reactions regarding a lemon battery (you can try making batteries from other fruits and from vegetables): The copper and zinc metals act as positive and negative battery terminals (cathodes and anodes).The zinc metal reacts with the acidic lemon juice (mostly from citric acid) to produce zinc ions (Zn2) and electrons (2 e-). The zinc ions go  into solution in the lemon juice while the electrons remain on the metal.The wires of the small light bulb are electrical conductors. When they are used to connect the copper and zinc, the electrons that have built upon the zinc flow into the wire. The flow of electrons is current or electricity. Its what powers small electronics or lights a light bulb.Eventually, the electrons make it to the copper. If the electrons didnt go any farther, theyd eventually build up so that there wouldnt be a potential difference between the zinc and the copper. If this happened, the flow of electricity would stop. However, that wont happen because the copper is in contact with the lemon.The electrons accumulating on the copper terminal react with hydrogen ions (H) floating free in the acidic juice to form hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms bond to each other to form hydrogen gas. More Science Here are additional opportunities for research: Citrus fruits are acidic, which helps their juices to conduct electricity. What other fruits and vegetables might you try that would work as batteries?If you have a multimeter, you can measure the current produced by the battery. Compare the effectiveness of different types of fruit. See what happens as you change the distance between the nails.Do acidic fruits always work better? Measure the pH (acidity) of the fruit juice and compare that with the current through the wires or brightness of the light bulb.Compare the electricity generated by fruit with that of juices. Liquids you can test include orange juice, lemonade, and pickle brine.

Becoming a Pilot essays

Becoming a Pilot essays On the Saturday morning of my first flight, I woke up with anticipation of what was to come. During the previous night, I had been dreaming of my recent activities. The week before, I had talked to an Air Force recruiter. During the conversation, I told him of my desire to join the USAF. Also, I had mentioned to him that during the first three years I was enlisted, I would be working towards my bachelors degree. (The reason that I would do so is because you must have a bachelors degree prior to flying in the military.) He then gave all the information that I had shared with him, to my mother and father. My mother, being the sweetest person in the world, went right out and bought me an introductory flight lesson. On the Friday night before my first flight, she handed me an envelope, and I read the certificate out loud. I couldnt believe that I was to start flying that next morning. She said, If you want to become a pilot, you might want to see if you like it firs! t. When I took off for the first time it was the greatest feeling ever. It was the Im on top of the world feeling. I cant describe it, it was just amazing. The fact is that many people would like to fly, but not many have the chance to pursue that dream. My dream started to become a reality at eight oclock in the morning on December 22, 2001. This was the first of many, many steps to becoming a pilot. I knew that it would take lots of money and hard work to finish it, but I am willing to give it my all. To obtain a private pilots license you need to complete a minimum of forty hours of flight time, although the national average to obtain a license is between sixty-five and seventy-five hours. These forty hours includes at least twenty hours of dual instructional flight time and at least ten hours of solo flight time. A person will have to pass a few exams before they will be able to r...

The Feast of the Gods by Giovanni and Titian Essay

The Feast of the Gods by Giovanni and Titian - Essay Example The main premise of a feast is the coherent element of the painting. The gods, each doing their individual thing, add to the atmosphere that it conjures. The blasà © expression of these gods gives off the homogenous quality of the theme. Priapus trying to carry out his ill-conceived plan against Lotis and the ass is also prominent in the painting. Famously, the x-ray photographs of the painting prove that contrary to the assumption that Bellini was not able to finish the painting because of his death, there was no such requirement for Titian to complete it. Rather, historians agree that the alterations were executed to make Bellini’s painting flow seamlessly with the other paintings in the Alabaster Room. â€Å"Eliminated by Titian’s intervention was the contrast between the figural group, so markedly animated by means of colour, and the regular repetition of tree trunks and the uniform dark green of the leaf canopy† (Bà ¤tschmann 210). This would have given it more balance as an undeviating background would have made the scene of the gods the main focus of the eye. For lack of a better word, the painting evoked a sense of noise. In totality it looks great in the sense that there are the human elements that make it interesting and playful to the imagination. It reminds me of Leonardo Da Vinci’s ‘The Last Supper’ in many ways. Both have religious themes, both portray a particularly interesting and much-written about scene and both are classic works of art by two great artists of their time.

Panera Bread Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Panera Bread Case Study - Research Paper Example The company has been quite fortunate to be mentioned by the Wall Street Journal as the one of the middle sized cafà © which provides excellent service and superior quality food to its customers. The management structure went through changes during the year 2007 which assisted the company to focus more clearly on the designed goals. As of 2013, Panera Bread has been operating in Canada as well as in more than thirty states and successfully delivering its authentic bread in a warm and cozy ambience by ensuring efficient service. The mission of Panera Bread is based on the concept of ‘A loaf of bread in every arm’. Panera’s aim is to emphasize much on its strategy of Bread Leadership in which they strive to offer fresh bread to savor the taste buds of its customers across the US states and Canada. The management staff at Panera is well aware of its goals and objectives and ensures that the best product, service and ambience is experienced by the customers at both company operated and franchises of Panera Bread. Freshly baked bread that is made available to all its cafes everyday serves as the differentiating feature for Panera bread and all the efforts are directed towards the achievement and maintenance of this key feature. The key strategy of Panera is to keep itself updated technologically and innovatively in such a way that it stands strongly in competition. The mission statement of Panera serves as the driving force for its strategy. Panera keeps revising and updating its menu so as to meet the organic and healthy food requirements of its customers. The price of food charged at Panera is a little higher than those of its rivals because Panera believes in delivery real quality to its customers in terms of product, ambience and service and it cannot risk this goal by offering cheap rates for customers’ attention. Strengthening the differentiation feature of freshly baked bread reaching the restaurants of Panera Bread everyday is also a key part of the

Eu law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eu law - Essay Example The buyer can sue the trader for faulty goods within a period of six years in England or five years in Wales and Northern Ireland. The procedure to get the product repaired or replaced by the seller involves notifying the seller of the defects in goods within a reasonable time that is usually six months for the second-hand goods (Thies, 2013, p. 173). The buyer should prove the ownership of the goods and the relationship between the seller and the buyer because the seller cannot raise a claim of defect or default on goods from a trader who did not sell the goods that product to them. The buyer should produce the receipt they used when making payment or use claim using confirmation from the credit card in case the payment was charged from the credit card (Thies, 2013, p. 184). However, in case the seller is unwilling to compensate the buyer against the fault goods the seller can seek court intervention within six years in England or five years in Wales and Northern Ireland. The right to return or get a second-hand car replaced is applicable to the car dealers (Thies, 2013, p. 189). If one decides to purchase a c ar from a private seller, the buyer has to be cautious since the seller has no obligation to give the details of the car although they should answer any question asked by the buyer in regard to the car truthfully. In case the buyer raises the issue within six months, the seller is obliged to prove that there was no defect on the goods at the time of sale, while for the claims raised with twelve months but after a lapse of six months the regulation places the onus on the buyer to prove the goods had defects rendering them unfit for the purpose at the time they bought them (Thies, 2013, p. 141). The buyer should prove the fault of the goods using expert’s report such as engineer or a mechanic to substantiate their claim of defect. Direct effects refer to

Above-The-Line and Below-The-Line Advertising. Are they still Relevant Essay

Above-The-Line and Below-The-Line Advertising. Are they still Relevant - Essay Example 4).Traditionally, promotional activities are divided into above-the-line (ATL) and below-the-line (BTL). Mass media advertising through television, newspapers, radio, cinema, and outdoor advertising are above-the-line or ATL. All new communication tools are regarded as below-the-line or BTL measures (Muller, Florian, and Daniel, 2011, p. 4). Advertising is the most critical communication tool in the marketing mix (Meffert, Burmann, and Kirchgeorg, 2008).The terms ATL and BTL advertising came from agencies' balance sheets where different types of media are listed. Agency received a commission for ATL activities from media, while a separate fee is taken for BTL activities (Brierley, 2005, p.42). Despite its history, the division is fading as marketers' prefer a 3600 approach for their marketing activities today. This paper explores the terms above-the-line and below-the-line and their relevance, and identifies that the division is irrelevant when it comes to today's marketing practices . Above The Line Advertising Right from the early days, advertising activities are classified as: above-the-line (ATL) or below-the-line (BTL). Generally, mass media advertising is considered to be above the line advertising. It is conducted through television, newspapers, radio, and internet (Gaerig, 2012). ... nce, a product sample or coupon.BTL advertising methods include: price promotions and discounting, gift with purchase, loyalty incentives, coupons, prizes, competitions, monetary refunds, and point-of-sale display.BTL advertising is also considered to be "out of home" advertising or "direct marketing". Direct marketing, such as, direct mail, yellow pages, and telemarketing has been incorporated in the advertising expenses from past several years (Gaerig, 2012, p. 9). Smith and Jonathan (2004) argue that BTL is every other (than advertising) communication tool excluding sales force. Sales force is not included in either category. Most often, BTL refers to sales promotion and public relations (p.23). According to Winterberry Group's report (2006) on tracking the trends, ATL advertising includes traditional marketing channels targeted for mass audience. It includes message that reinforces: brand, general information about product or service, or stimulate an emotional response. On the ot her hand, BTL advertising initiatives work like traditional direct marketing efforts. They aim to establish targeted relationship between individual consumer and marketer. It also offers a comparable simplicity in measurements.ATL includes the measurable media (TV, radio, print, outdoor, and yellow pages) while BTL includes direct mail, direct response print, event marketing, direct response broadcast, and promotional and interactive marketing. The Line and its Relevance The concept of "line" originated from advertising accountancy during 1950s. It seems that marketing industry has always been discussed and distinguished by "the line. Both marketers and agencies are categorized on the basis of their expertise in either above-the-line or below-the-line advertising. Most often, marketers

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media - Essay Example At this point, I have to admit the fact that media plays a significant role in my life and relationships by having a more or less positive impact on my life. Since I am a student, I rely heavily on the media to provide me with all sorts of information and ideas that I need in my career and personal life. The mainstream media that have a lot of impact on many people including the students are the television, radio, print media, and broadcast media. With the print media, I normally comb through the pages of various newspapers and magazines for various information. For instance, I can read the entertainment news while at the same time be updated on the latest news across the globe. Additionally, newspapers are a very good source of education especially for college students who have to keep abreast of world both regional and world affairs. When it comes to radio, I love listening to a wide variety of both local and international channels that offer insightful programs besides entertainin g me with the genres of music that I love. Frankly speaking, an hour of listening to radio makes my day and in cannot imagine my life without listening to the radio. Perhaps the most robust of all the broadcast media outlets is the television that provides both the visual and audio effects to the information being relayed. Technology has indisputably revolutionized the methods and techniques of disseminating information especially by the mainstream media. A classic example of this technology is the digital broadcast that has made it possible to keep updated with the latest news via the internet. With the advent of the internet technology, the social media also sprung up making the world a... This essay approves that technology has indisputably revolutionized the methods and techniques of disseminating information especially by the mainstream media. A classic example of this technology is the digital broadcast that has made it possible to keep updated with the latest news via the internet. With the advent of the internet technology, the social media also sprung up making the world a smaller village through globalization. While their pioneers claim that the intention of the social media was to cover a relatively small geographical area in connecting people, the interest in the same grew to the level that they had to go global. Some of the major social networking sites include Facebook, Twitter, Google+, and YouTube. Through these social networking sites, I am able to chat with friends and family thus keeping my personal relationship with them healthy and vibrant. Additionally, the social media enables interactive sharing of crucial information including the participation o f both the public and the corporate world. This report makes a conclusion that the media, both social and mainstream media, have taken the center stage in everyone’s’ life particularly to the students. Besides, the global population has developed a kind of obsession for such media outlets as the television due to its intensive and extensive dissemination of ideas and information through visual and audio perspectives. The evolution of media has particularly made it possible for many media houses to venture into the practice thus providing clients with a wide variety of information.

Great Recession and Job Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Great Recession and Job Market - Research Paper Example Because of the huge advancements in technology and the subsequent developments in industrial sectors, it is a fact that job openings are huge in number in many parts of the world. America and Europe are regions which are facing severe manpower shortages in the employment market. For example, the majority of the nursing professionals working in America and European countries are from India, Pakistan or Philippines like countries where manpower resources are surplus. Moreover, America is currently outsourcing a substantial portion of their jobs to Asian countries because of skilled manpower shortage. According to a study, â€Å"More than 1.3 million additional Western jobs will vanish by 2014 due to "the accelerated movement of work to India and other offshore locations† (Statistics Related to Offshore Outsourcing). Jacob (2011) has pointed out that â€Å"There are millions of Americans that have not been able to find a full-time job even after searching hard for an entire year " (Jacob) At the same time, it should be noted that the current recession was not much serious when we compare it with the Great Depression in the decade preceding WW2. However, one of the surprising facts is that unemployment problems were not much severe during Great Depression as in the case of current recession. â€Å"The unemployment rate in the United States was last reported at 9.1 percent in September of 2011. From 1948 until 2010 the United States' Unemployment Rate averaged 5.70 percent† (United States Unemployment Rate). In short, both Great Depression and current recession affected the employment market differently. During Great Depression many graduates were able to land a job due to the scarcity of qualified workers, but in the current Great Recession, there is an abundance of college graduates and the demand for them has gone down immensely because of the availability of cheap labour in other parts of the world in this extremely globalized world. During Great D epression, the number of qualified people was less in number whereas the demand for qualified people was more. In other words or in terms of economics, supply of labour force was not adequate to meet the demands during the Great Depression period. It should be noted that industrial revolutions were taking place across the world during that period and therefore job openings in the manufacturing sector was huge. Population size was not so big during the Great Depression period compared to that in the current Great recession period. Moreover, people were not much interested in getting college education during Great Depression period, as they do now. In short, smaller population size and smaller literacy rates helped the qualified people to find suitable employment during the Great Depression period. However, the case is entirely different during the current Great Recession period. â€Å"The growing population in the country has led to the ratio or percentage of unemployed to increase. It has to be taken into notice or consideration that jobs do not increase with the increase in population† (About Reasons for Unemployment in The US). Even though population growth rates in America are comparatively low to the standards of some other countries, it is a fact that employment opportunities in America is not growing as fast as the population is growing.